Sunday, December 02, 2012

Reseña en revista Instantes y azares, Nro 9



Reseña sobre Deleuze y la brujería, aparecida en la Revista “Instantes y azares”, Año XI, número 9, Primavera de 2011, pp. 316-319 (www.instantesyazares.com.ar).


Matt Lee y Mark Fisher, Deleuze y la brujería, selección, traducción y prólogo de Juan Salzano, Buenos Aires, Las Cuarenta, 2009, 95 pp.

Este libro puede ser situado en el marco de proyectos iniciados en los últimos años en nuestro país, como Estación Alógena, y en otros países, por medio de algunos investigadores que a continuación nom­braremos. Estos proyectos intentan explorar los vínculos entre el pensamiento deleuziano y la “brujería” (dentro de este concepto en­contramos, además, diversas prácticas: alquimia, magia, teúrgia, cha­manismo, etc.). Al libro Nosotros, los brujos (compilación de artículos de diversos investigadores y ensayistas, publicada por Ed. Santiago Arcos en 2008) le complementa: Deleuze y la brujería. El libro es una recopilación de dos artículos (los autores: Mat Lee y Mark Fisher), seleccionados y traducidos por Juan Salzano, más un prólogo-artículo (del mismo Salzano), que explora las conexiones entre la filosofía deleuziana y la brujería. En general, la compilación recorre gran parte de la obra de Deleuze (desde Diferencia y repetición -1968- hasta los libros escritos junto a Guattari) y establece algunos lazos con brujos (Austin Osman Spare), prácticas de la brujería (los sigilos, la adivinación) y movimientos literarios y filosóficos (el gótico, el cyberpunk, y también el materialismo).
En el “Prólogo” Salzano presenta el concepto de “naturaleza” como “monstruo fuera de bestiario”, anomal. Lo anomal se diferencia de lo anormal porque, tal como se explica en Mil mesetas (1980), la anoma­lidad antecede a toda clasificación y regla, mientras que lo anormal se explica siempre en función de la transgresión o desviación de la regla. La naturaleza anomal es desigual, áspera, instancia máxima de des­territorialización. Además, es “extática” (similar al monstruo Outsider de Lovecraft) y se relaciona con la adivinación como práctica de brujos que siguen el “phylum de la materia-flujo” (p. 24). Encontramos aquí una visión de la naturaleza en extremo divergente a todo mecanicismo y causalismo modernos, y a todo finalismo organicista más tradicio­nal. Si “el devenir es la diferencia con uno mismo”, y “la diferencia es el monstruo”, se evidencia el vínculo entre devenir y monstruosidad extática.
Finalmente, según la perspectiva del texto, el brujo es aquel que (se) “compone con la naturaleza”. Se establece una conexión entre la inmanencia, la naturaleza, el monstruo y la actividad que cumpliría el brujo como aquel que puede captar lo imperceptible, el devenir anóma­lo, proponiendo una “ingeniería de lo imprevisto” que siga los soplos de la naturaleza, de los deseos, es decir, las corrientes múltiples dentro de la masa oceánica del devenir.
Por su parte, el artículo de Matt Lee, “Recuerdos de un brujo: notas sobre Gilles Deleuze- Félix Guattari, Austin Osman y las Brujerías Anomales” (publicado orginalmente en The Journal for the Academic Study of Magic, Mandrake Press, Nro. 1, 2003), se propone analizar algunos conceptos centrales de la filosofía de Deleuze y Guattari para señalar la manera en que éstos tienen, “en un sentido práctico”, re­lación con la brujería. A partir de un capítulo de Mil mesetas: “1730: Devenir-intenso, Devenir-animal, Devenir-imperceptible...”, Matt Lee explora los conceptos de “deseo”, “plano de inmanencia”, “bloques de devenir”, “manada”, “multiplicidad” y, finalmente, la figura del brujo que también funciona como concepto: es el “borde de la manada”. El brujo es la figura de lo anomal, es decir, del devenir que escapa a las lógicas tradicionales de la analogía (la estructura y la serie). Este de­venir es un devenir-animal, ya que estamos ante una manada, una banda, una población, en resumen, una multiplicidad.
El autor establece algunos puntos de conexión entre el pensamien­to de Deleuze con el de un “oscurantista” cercano a ciertas corrientes artísticas-esotéricas de la Inglaterra de principios del siglo XX: Austin Osman Spare y su teoría de los sigilos. Los sigilos no son símbolos que contengan algo, y que remitan a otra cosa (exterior), sino que son más bien expresiones en las que conscientemente llevamos a cabo opera­ciones específicas de tal manera que permiten la manifestación de un deseo intuitivo sub-consciente o pre-consciente.
Matt Lee propone cierto vitalismo que, retomado de la ontología de Bergson, aparece en la filosofía deleuziana y que también tiene sus resonancias en las propuestas de Spare. Este vitalismo conduce, en el caso del brujo Spare, a la búsqueda de técnicas para una “metafísi­ca práctica” cuyo proceso fundamental describe como un “enchufarse [plug-into] a la conciencia orgiástica”, es decir, explorar una “nueva sexualidad”, una “creatividad aumentada y expandida”, y experimen­tar “nuevas relaciones con lo viviente” (p. 61).
Como en el “Prólogo” de Salzano, hay un desplazamiento hacia lo pre-individual, a lo pre-consciente que “hace vacilar el yo”, y daría lu­gar a un “puro plano de inmanencia” sin sujeto ni objeto. Finalmente, Matt Lee indica dos elementos que pueden utilizarse de los pensa­mientos “atravesados” de Deleuze y Spare: el modelo de un “universo en devenir” y la “experimentación” como la técnica más apropiada de este universo. Para el autor, este “enchufarse a la conciencia orgiás­tica” es la técnica principal del brujo. Se trata de cruzar las fronteras de la conciencia, o en todo caso, de arriesgarse a “vivir en los bordes”.
Por último, el libro presenta una serie de fragmentos del texto de Mark Fisher: Flatline constructs: Gothic materialism and cybernetic theory-fiction (Universidad de Warwick, 2000), bajo el título: “Mate­rialismo gótico”. El autor propone desarrollar un pensamiento filosó­fico acerca del cuerpo, la cibernética y la actualidad apoyándose en elementos del (1) gótico: ese movimiento literario que opera entre lo orgánico y lo inorgánico, “el terror y el miedo” (demonios, vampiros, zombis, etc.), y del (2) materialismo: se trata de pensar sobre un capi­talismo definido como la producción de máquinas por máquinas.
Este materialismo gótico tiene una singular expresión en un con­cepto, flatline, que aparece en Neuromante (1984) de William Gibson, la novela clásica del cyberpunk. Este concepto señala la línea de los electroencefalogramas cuando hay muerte cerebral, y es empleado por Fisher para explorar el “estado de suspensión entre la vida y la muerte” (p. 73), entre lo orgánico y lo inorgánico, y poder desplazar la tensión entre la mente y el cuerpo, para pensar una tensión entre diferentes “modos del cuerpo”. Fisher, en la línea de Spinoza, sitúa a la mente como una “idea del cuerpo” y establece una crítica de “la sabiduría y los límites del organismo” y de la “armonía orgánica”. El cuerpo es presentado como aquello que escapa constantemente al organismo, y es la experiencia del cuerpo (sin órganos) la que se hace patente en las prácticas del brujo. Así, contra la “out of body experience” (experiencia fuera del cuerpo, que conserva indemnes al ego como al organismo), propone el “out to body experience” (experiencia hacia o en el cuerpo), es decir, las tecnologías que permiten experimentar (por fuera del Yo) “en los bordes” del organismo.
El tránsito por la novela de Gibson se entrelaza con menciones al pensamiento deleuziano. Fisher, en la última parte de la recopilación, analiza los conceptos de “manada” y de “brujo”, destacando la forma de propagación “contagiosa” de la alianza (en oposición a la filiación) y el carácter “anomal” del brujo.
Deleuze y la brujería es un estimulante libro para establecer, desde una filosofía de la inmanencia y del devenir anómalo, las conexiones entre el cuerpo, la naturaleza y lo viviente en toda su monstruosidad.

Gustavo A. Romero

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