Reseña
sobre Deleuze y la brujería,
aparecida en la Revista “Instantes y azares”, Año XI, número 9, Primavera de
2011, pp. 316-319 (www.instantesyazares.com.ar).
Matt
Lee y Mark Fisher, Deleuze y la brujería, selección, traducción y
prólogo de Juan Salzano, Buenos Aires, Las Cuarenta, 2009, 95 pp.
Este libro puede ser situado en el marco de proyectos
iniciados en los últimos años en nuestro país, como Estación Alógena, y en
otros países, por medio de algunos investigadores que a continuación nombraremos.
Estos proyectos intentan explorar los vínculos entre el pensamiento deleuziano
y la “brujería” (dentro de este concepto encontramos, además, diversas
prácticas: alquimia, magia, teúrgia, chamanismo, etc.). Al libro Nosotros,
los brujos (compilación de artículos de diversos investigadores y
ensayistas, publicada por Ed. Santiago Arcos en 2008) le complementa: Deleuze
y la brujería. El libro es una recopilación de dos artículos (los autores:
Mat Lee y Mark Fisher), seleccionados y traducidos por Juan Salzano, más un
prólogo-artículo (del mismo Salzano), que explora las conexiones entre la
filosofía deleuziana y la brujería. En general, la compilación recorre gran
parte de la obra de Deleuze (desde Diferencia y repetición -1968- hasta
los libros escritos junto a Guattari) y establece algunos lazos con brujos
(Austin Osman Spare), prácticas de la brujería (los sigilos, la adivinación) y
movimientos literarios y filosóficos (el gótico, el cyberpunk, y también el
materialismo).
En el “Prólogo” Salzano presenta el concepto de
“naturaleza” como “monstruo fuera de bestiario”, anomal. Lo anomal se
diferencia de lo anormal porque, tal como se explica en Mil mesetas (1980),
la anomalidad antecede a toda clasificación y regla, mientras que lo anormal
se explica siempre en función de la transgresión o desviación de la regla. La
naturaleza anomal es desigual, áspera, instancia máxima de desterritorialización.
Además, es “extática” (similar al monstruo Outsider de Lovecraft) y se
relaciona con la adivinación como práctica de brujos que siguen el “phylum de
la materia-flujo” (p. 24). Encontramos aquí una visión de la naturaleza en
extremo divergente a todo mecanicismo y causalismo modernos, y a todo finalismo
organicista más tradicional. Si “el devenir es la diferencia con uno mismo”, y
“la diferencia es el monstruo”, se evidencia el vínculo entre devenir y
monstruosidad extática.
Finalmente, según la perspectiva del texto, el brujo
es aquel que (se) “compone con la naturaleza”. Se establece una conexión entre
la inmanencia, la naturaleza, el monstruo y la actividad que cumpliría el brujo
como aquel que puede captar lo imperceptible, el devenir anómalo, proponiendo
una “ingeniería de lo imprevisto” que siga los soplos de la naturaleza, de los
deseos, es decir, las corrientes múltiples dentro de la masa oceánica del
devenir.
Por su parte, el artículo de Matt Lee, “Recuerdos de
un brujo: notas sobre Gilles Deleuze- Félix Guattari, Austin Osman y las
Brujerías Anomales” (publicado orginalmente en The Journal for the Academic
Study of Magic, Mandrake Press, Nro. 1, 2003), se propone analizar algunos
conceptos centrales de la filosofía de Deleuze y Guattari para señalar la
manera en que éstos tienen, “en un sentido práctico”, relación con la
brujería. A partir de un capítulo de Mil mesetas: “1730:
Devenir-intenso, Devenir-animal, Devenir-imperceptible...”, Matt Lee explora
los conceptos de “deseo”, “plano de inmanencia”, “bloques de devenir”,
“manada”, “multiplicidad” y, finalmente, la figura del brujo que también
funciona como concepto: es el “borde de la manada”. El brujo es la figura de lo
anomal, es decir, del devenir que escapa a las lógicas tradicionales de la
analogía (la estructura y la serie). Este devenir es un devenir-animal, ya que
estamos ante una manada, una banda, una población, en resumen, una
multiplicidad.
El autor establece algunos puntos de conexión entre el
pensamiento de Deleuze con el de un “oscurantista” cercano a ciertas
corrientes artísticas-esotéricas de la Inglaterra de principios del siglo XX:
Austin Osman Spare y su teoría de los sigilos. Los sigilos no son símbolos que
contengan algo, y que remitan a otra cosa (exterior), sino que son más bien
expresiones en las que conscientemente llevamos a cabo operaciones específicas
de tal manera que permiten la manifestación de un deseo intuitivo
sub-consciente o pre-consciente.
Matt Lee propone cierto vitalismo que, retomado de la
ontología de Bergson, aparece en la filosofía deleuziana y que también tiene
sus resonancias en las propuestas de Spare. Este vitalismo conduce, en el caso
del brujo Spare, a la búsqueda de técnicas para una “metafísica práctica” cuyo
proceso fundamental describe como un “enchufarse [plug-into] a la
conciencia orgiástica”, es decir, explorar una “nueva sexualidad”, una
“creatividad aumentada y expandida”, y experimentar “nuevas relaciones con lo
viviente” (p. 61).
Como en el “Prólogo” de Salzano, hay un desplazamiento
hacia lo pre-individual, a lo pre-consciente que “hace vacilar el yo”, y daría
lugar a un “puro plano de inmanencia” sin sujeto ni objeto. Finalmente, Matt
Lee indica dos elementos que pueden utilizarse de los pensamientos
“atravesados” de Deleuze y Spare: el modelo de un “universo en devenir” y la
“experimentación” como la técnica más apropiada de este universo. Para el
autor, este “enchufarse a la conciencia orgiástica” es la técnica principal
del brujo. Se trata de cruzar las fronteras de la conciencia, o en todo caso,
de arriesgarse a “vivir en los bordes”.
Por último, el libro presenta una serie de fragmentos
del texto de Mark Fisher: Flatline constructs: Gothic materialism and
cybernetic theory-fiction (Universidad de Warwick, 2000), bajo el título:
“Materialismo gótico”. El autor propone desarrollar un pensamiento filosófico
acerca del cuerpo, la cibernética y la actualidad apoyándose en elementos del
(1) gótico: ese movimiento literario que opera entre lo orgánico y lo
inorgánico, “el terror y el miedo” (demonios, vampiros, zombis, etc.), y del
(2) materialismo: se trata de pensar sobre un capitalismo definido como la
producción de máquinas por máquinas.
Este materialismo gótico tiene una singular expresión
en un concepto, flatline, que aparece en Neuromante (1984) de
William Gibson, la novela clásica del cyberpunk. Este concepto señala la línea
de los electroencefalogramas cuando hay muerte cerebral, y es empleado por
Fisher para explorar el “estado de suspensión entre la vida y la muerte” (p.
73), entre lo orgánico y lo inorgánico, y poder desplazar la tensión entre la
mente y el cuerpo, para pensar una tensión entre diferentes “modos del cuerpo”.
Fisher, en la línea de Spinoza, sitúa a la mente como una “idea del cuerpo” y
establece una crítica de “la sabiduría y los límites del organismo” y de la “armonía
orgánica”. El cuerpo es presentado como aquello que escapa constantemente al
organismo, y es la experiencia del cuerpo (sin órganos) la que se hace patente
en las prácticas del brujo. Así, contra la “out of body experience”
(experiencia fuera del cuerpo, que conserva indemnes al ego como al
organismo), propone el “out to body experience” (experiencia hacia o
en el cuerpo), es decir, las tecnologías que permiten experimentar (por
fuera del Yo) “en los bordes” del organismo.
El tránsito por la novela de Gibson se entrelaza con
menciones al pensamiento deleuziano. Fisher, en la última parte de la
recopilación, analiza los conceptos de “manada” y de “brujo”, destacando la
forma de propagación “contagiosa” de la alianza (en oposición a la filiación) y
el carácter “anomal” del brujo.
Deleuze y la brujería es un estimulante libro para establecer, desde una
filosofía de la inmanencia y del devenir anómalo, las conexiones entre el
cuerpo, la naturaleza y lo viviente en toda su monstruosidad.
Gustavo
A. Romero
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